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Nanocellulose has emerged as a highly promising and sustainable nanomaterial due to its unique structures, exceptional properties, and abundance in nature. In this comprehensive review, we delve into current research activities focused on harnessing the potential of nanocellulose for advanced electrochemical energy storage applications. We commence with a brief introduction to the structural features of cellulose nanofibers found within the cellulose resources’ cell walls. Subsequently, we explore various processes that have been investigated for utilizing cellulose in the realm of energy storage. In contrast to traditional binders, we place significant emphasis on the utilization of solid electrolytes and 3D printing techniques. Additionally, we examine different application areas, including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and Zn-ion batteries. Within this section, our primary focus lies in integrating nanocellulose with other active materials to develop flexible substrates such as films and aerogels. Lastly, we present our perspectives on several key areas that require further exploration in this dynamic research field in the future.