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<p>Currently, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and syphilis are widely epidemic all over the world, which has seriously jeopardized public health security. In China, studies on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated central nervous system (CNS) damage and neurosyphilis are increasing. This paper reviews related literatures on HIV-associated CNS infection and neurosyphilis, and summarizes the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment strategies, so as to provide new clues for further exploration into clinical diagnosis and treatment.</p><p> </p><p><strong>DOI: </strong>10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.07.003</p>