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The growing population and increasing water demand necessitate exploring alternative sources of water, including saline water. Saline water treatment technologies have undergone significant advancements in recent years, enabling the production of potable water from seawater and brackish water. This review provides an overview of the current state of saline water treatment technologies, including desalination and membrane-based processes. The advantages and limitations of each technology and their suitability for different applications are discussed. Recent advancements in materials and techniques that have led to improvements in energy efficiency, productivity, and cost-effectiveness of these technologies are highlighted. Finally, the future directions and challenges in the field of saline water treatment are outlined. HIGHLIGHTS An overview of the current state of saline water treatment technologies.; The critical review was conducted on recent advancements in materials and saline water treatment techniques that have led to improvements in energy efficiency, productivity, and cost-effectiveness.; The challenges associated with energy consumption and brine disposal were discussed elaborately.;