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Differences in the physical and chemical properties of reclaimed water (RW) and natural surface water (SW) lead to further differences in nitrogen and phosphorus release when pipeline sediments enter these water bodies. The release kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus from pipe sediments with different particle sizes have been investigated. The results demonstrated that both SW and RW had a pH buffering effect after sediment addition, and the final pH (approximately 8.1) of RW was lower. The release of total phosphorus (TP) and ammonia nitrogen (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mtext>-</mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) fitted the first-order kinetic model in which the release of TP reached equilibrium. TP release was inhibited in both SW and RW, with RW exhibiting the lowest (by a factor of 1.23~2.44) release (0.002 mg/g). The release of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mtext>-</mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> was promoted in both SW and RW; the maximum release in RW was 0.0188 mg/g. The amounts of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mtext>-</mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> released in SW and RW were 1.02–1.40 and 1.30–1.80 times that of the control group (CG), respectively. The percentage of TP and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mtext>-</mtext><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> release in the three groups was highest in 75–154 μm pipe sediment, reaching 34.53% and 43.51% in SW and RW, respectively. These results can assist in the development of water quality evolution models for specific urban scenarios and provide important guidance for the precise regulation of water recharge quality during and after rainfall.