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With the rapid development of wearable devices, healthcare technologies that enable an accurate monitoring of electrophysiological signals and provide electrical stimulation for therapy are extensively researched. In this regard, 1D nanomaterials are widely used in bioelectronics owing to their advantageous properties such as transparency, mechanical flexibility, and stretchability. Herein, the recent advances in bioelectronic devices based on 1D nanomaterials are reviewed with a focus on the biocompatibility of 1D nanomaterials frequently used in bioelectronic devices. In particular, bioelectronic devices used for recording and stimulating cell signals in in vitro environments, monitoring electrophysiological signals, and providing electrical stimulation for tissue treatment in vivo are discussed.