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As a toxic pollutant, carbon monoxide (CO) usually causes harmful effects on human health. Therefore, the thermally catalytic oxidation of CO has received extensive attention in recent years. The CuO-based catalysts have been widely investigated due to their availability. In this study, a series of transition metal oxides (Fe₂O₃, Co₃O₄ and NiO) promoted CuO-based catalysts supported on the α-MnO₂ nanowire catalysts were prepared by the deposition precipitation method for catalytic CO oxidation reactions. The effects of the loaded transition metal type, the loading amount, and the calcination temperature on the catalytic performances were systematically investigated. Further catalyst characterization showed that the CuO/α-MnO₂ catalyst modified with 3 wt% Co₃O₄ and calcined at 400 °C performed the highest CO catalytic activity (T₉₀ = 75 °C) among the investigated catalysts. It was supposed that the loading of the Co₃O₄ dopant not only increased the content of oxygen vacancies in the catalyst but also increased the specific surface area and pore volume of the CuO/α-MnO₂ nanowire catalyst, which would further enhance the catalytic activity. The CuO/α-MnO₂ catalyst modified with 3 wt% NiO and calcined at 400 °C exhibited the highest surface adsorbed oxygen content and the best normalized reaction rate, but the specific surface area limited its activity. Therefore, the appropriate loading of the Co₃O₄ modifier could greatly enhance the activity of CuO/α-MnO₂. This research could provide a reference method for constructing efficient low-temperature CO oxidation catalysts.