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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) , gestational hypertension, macrosomia, low birth weight, and premature delivery can directly affect short- and long-term maternal and infant health. Fasting plasma glucose can be obtained conveniently and rapidly during pregnancy. Numerous studies have verified that early- and mild-pregnancy fasting plasma glucose are associated with GDM, large for gestational age, and neonatal birth weight. But there is still some controversy about whether they associate with gestational hypertension and cesarean section. Furthermore, further studies are needed to examine their long-term influence on related diseases of pregnant women and their offspring in childhood and adulthood. This paper gives a summary of recent advances in the associations of early- and mid-pregnancy fasting plasma glucose with pregnancy outcome, providing a reference for future studies that profoundly explore relevant issues.