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A rhodamine-based fluorescent polymer P(MMA-co-RB) has been synthesized via an intermediate NCO-containing polymer generated by the Lossen rearrangement reaction. The fluorescent property of P(MMA-co-RB) with regard to metal ions, such as Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Sn²⁺ and Ag⁺, was studied by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the fluorescence intensity of P(MMA-co-RB) decreased gradually with an increase of the concentration of Cu²⁺ ion. Furthermore, a test strip made of P(MMA-co-RB) can be used for fast and quantitative determination of Cu²⁺ ion. In the presence of Cu²⁺ ion, the sensory tester undergoes distinct changes in fluorescence intensity and visible color.