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In order to deeply analyze the influence of core layer size parameters on the anti-explosion performance of sandwich panel under explosive load, on the basis of the fiber-reinforced three-layer honeycomb sandwich structure, the dynamic response of the double-layer gradient sandwich panel made of fiber-reinforced aluminum alloy panel and aluminum alloy honeycomb core layer under explosive load was studied by experiment and numerical simulation. First, the deformation failure modes of the double-layer gradient sandwich panel in the experiment were analyzed: large deformation of the whole sandwich structure, failure of the front panel in the central area and compression buckling of the core layer, and penetration failure of the front panel and the core layer in the central area. Second, the influence of the change in the hole length and wall thickness on the explosion resistance performance of the upper core layer was examined without changing the geometric size of the lower core layer by numerical simulation. The results show that the specimen with the same hole side length of the upper and lower core layer had better explosion resistance performance, and when the density ratio of the upper and lower core layer was 3∶1 while the side length of the upper and lower core layer was the same, the structure had the best anti-explosion performance.