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Black rice is known as a health-promoting food for its abundant content of anthocyanins. The main objective of this paper is to get functional and eco-friendly materials dyed with black rice extract. In this research work, chitosan-modified cotton fabric was dyed with the black rice extract, and the fabric’s CIELab color characteristic values (L*, a*, b*, C*), color strength (K/S) value, and UPF value were investigated closely. The K/S value and UPF value of dyed samples depend on temperature, time, and pH. It is worth noting that the acid medium favored the dyeing to obtain a purple-red color and achieve a larger K/S value and UPF value. The results showed that chitosan-modified cotton fabric dyed with black rice extract had good UV resistance and color fastness.