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This paper investigates the bipartite synchronization of memristor-based fractional-order coupled delayed neural networks with structurally balanced and unbalanced concepts. The main result is established for the proposed model using pinning control, fractional-order Jensen’s inequality, and the linear matrix inequality. Further, new sufficient conditions are derived using the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with delay-dependent criteria. Finally, numerical simulations are provided including two numerical examples to show the effectiveness of the theoretical results.