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Distributed acoustic sensing techniques based on Rayleigh scattering have been widely used in many applications due to their unique advantages, such as long-distance detection, high spatial resolution, and wide sensing bandwidth. In this paper, we provide a review of the recent advancements in distributed acoustic sensing techniques. The research progress and operation principles are systematically reviewed. The pivotal technologies and solutions applied to distributed acoustic sensing are introduced in terms of polarization fading, coherent fading, spatial resolution, frequency response, signal-to-noise ratio, and sensing distance. The applications of the distributed acoustic sensing are covered, including perimeter security, earthquake monitoring, energy exploration, underwater positioning, and railway monitoring. The potential developments of the distributed acoustic sensing techniques are also discussed.