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The development of electrode materials with excellent performance serves as the key for researchers to enhance the energy density of supercapacitors. Cobalt molybdate (CoMoO₄) nanomaterials have been regarded as one of the most prospective electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their high theoretical capacitance and excellent electrical conductivity. In this paper, three kinds of CoMoO₄ nanorods were prepared directly via simple and environmentally friendly solid-phase chemical reactions with solid inorganic salts as raw materials. According to X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test results, different reagents had certain effects on the size and morphology of CoMoO₄, and these affected its electrochemical performance. In particular, the samples prepared with Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O as raw material took on a more uniform micromorphology, with a better crystallinity. Simultaneously, electrochemical test results showed that the samples synthesized with Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O presented relatively good electrical conductivity and a large specific capacitance (177 F g⁻¹). This may be due to the nitrates reacting more slowly during the reaction and the crystals having difficulty aggregating during growth. Therefore, the structure of the prepared CoMoO₄ nanomaterial was more uniform, and it was resistant to collapse during the charging and discharging process; thus, the capacitor presents the best performance.