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Global barley production is threatened by plant pathogens, especially the rusts. In this study we used a targeted genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) assisted GWAS approach to identify rust resistance alleles in a collection of 287 genetically distinct diverse barley landraces and historical cultivars available in the Australian Grains Genebank (AGG) and originally sourced from Eastern Europe. The accessions were challenged with seven US-derived cereal rust pathogen races including <i>Puccinia hordei</i> (<i>Ph</i>-leaf rust) race 17VA12C, <i>P. coronata</i> var. <i>hordei</i> (<i>Pch</i>-crown rust) race 91NE9305 and five pathogenically diverse races of <i>P. striiformis</i> f. sp. <i>hordei</i> (<i>Psh</i>-stripe rust) (PSH-33, PSH-48, PSH-54, PSH-72 and PSH-100) and phenotyped quantitatively at the seedling stage. Novel resistance factors were identified on chromosomes 1H, 2H, 4H and 5H in response to <i>Pch</i>, whereas a race-specific QTL on 7HS was identified that was effective only to <i>Psh</i> isolates PSH-72 and PSH-100. A major effect QTL on chromosome 5HL conferred resistance to all <i>Psh</i> races including PSH-72, which is virulent on all 12 stripe rust differential tester lines. The same major effect QTL was also identified in response to leaf rust (17VA12C) suggesting this locus contains several pathogen specific rust resistance genes or the same gene is responsible for both leaf rust and stripe rust resistance. Twelve accessions were highly resistant to both leaf and stripe rust diseases and also carried the 5HL QTL. We subsequently surveyed the physical region at the 5HL locus for across the barley pan genome variation in the presence of known resistance gene candidates and identified a rich source of high confidence protein kinase and antifungal genes in the QTL region.