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The Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS) is used to determine emergency patient priority. The purpose of this study was to develop the Competency-Based Triage Education Application (CTEA) using KTAS and evaluate its effectiveness on emergency nurses’ triage competency and performance. The developed CTEA mobile application comprised 4 lectures, 12 text-based cases, and 8 video-based triage scenarios. A quasi-experimental pre-post design with a comparison group (CG) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the CTEA. Thirty-one participants were assigned to an intervention group (IG) and used the application for at least 100 min over one week. Thirty-five participants were assigned to a CG and underwent book-based learning, which covered the same content as the CTEA. Triage competency (t = 2.55, <i>p</i> = 0.013) and performance (t = 2.11, <i>p</i> = 0.039) were significantly improved in the IG. The IG’s undertriage error was significantly reduced compared to that of the CG (t = 2.08, <i>p</i> = 0.041). These results indicated that the CTEA was effective in improving the emergency nurses’ triage competency and performance. This application will be useful as a program for providing repeated and continuous triage education.