Permutation Entropy and Statistical Complexity in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Analysis Based on Frequency Bands

oleh: Ignacio Echegoyen, David López-Sanz, Johann H. Martínez, Fernando Maestú, Javier M. Buldú

Format: Article
Diterbitkan: MDPI AG 2020-01-01

Deskripsi

We present one of the first applications of Permutation Entropy (PE) and Statistical Complexity (SC) (measured as the product of PE and Jensen-Shanon Divergence) on Magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of 46 subjects suffering from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), 17 individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease (AD) and 48 healthy controls. We studied the differences in PE and SC in broadband signals and their decomposition into frequency bands (<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>&#948;</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>&#952;</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>&#945;</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>&#946;</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>), considering two modalities: (i) raw time series obtained from the magnetometers and (ii) a reconstruction into cortical sources or regions of interest (ROIs). We conducted our analyses at three levels: (i) at the group level we compared SC in each frequency band and modality between groups; (ii) at the individual level we compared how the [PE, SC] plane differs in each modality; and (iii) at the local level we explored differences in scalp and cortical space. We recovered classical results that considered only broadband signals and found a nontrivial pattern of alterations in each frequency band, showing that SC does not necessarily decrease in AD or MCI.