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<i>Colletotrichum</i> is regarded as one of the 10 most important genera of plant pathogens in the world. It causes diseases in a wide range of economically important plants, including peaches. China is the largest producer of peaches in the world but little is known about the <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. affecting the crop. In 2017 and 2018, a total of 286 <i>Colletotrichum</i> isolates were isolated from symptomatic fruit and leaves in 11 peach production provinces of China. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, <i>ACT</i>, <i>CAL</i>, <i>CHS-1</i>, <i>GAPDH</i>, <i>TUB2</i>, and <i>HIS3</i>) and morphological characterization, the isolates were identified to be <i>C. nymphaeae</i>, <i>C. fioriniae</i>, and <i>C. godetiae</i> of the <i>C. acutatum</i> species complex, <i>C. fructicola</i> and <i>C. siamense</i> of the <i>C. gloeosporioides</i> species complex, <i>C. karsti</i> of the <i>C. boninense</i> species complex, and one newly identified species, <i>C. folicola</i> sp. nov. This study is the first report of <i>C. karsti</i> and <i>C. godetiae</i> in peaches, and the first report of <i>C. nymphaeae</i>, <i>C. fioriniae</i>, <i>C. fructicola</i>, and <i>C. siamense</i> in peaches in China. <i>C. nymphaeae</i> is the most prevalent species of <i>Colletotrichum</i> in peaches in China, which may be the result of fungicide selection. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all species found in this study were pathogenic on both the leaves and fruit of peaches, except for <i>C. folicola</i>, which only infected the leaves. The present study substantially improves our understanding of the causal agents of anthracnose on peaches in China.