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<p>Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a group of pathological process with various etiologies that involve small arteries, arterioles, venules and capillaries of the brain, which is closely related to ischemic stroke, cognitive disorders and affective disturbance. Since firstly reported in late 19th century, a number of cases have been found in decades, which attracts lots of attention and argument from different fields. With the development of neuroimaging and histocytology, we have better recognition on this disease, and set up the criteria of diagnosis and treatment step by step. This paper reviews the development history of cSVD, hoping readers could benefit from it.</p><p> </p><p><strong>DOI: </strong>10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.11.003</p>