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Age-Dependent Decline of NAD<sup>+</sup>—Universal Truth or Confounded Consensus?
oleh: Augusto Peluso, Mads V. Damgaard, Marcelo A. S. Mori, Jonas T. Treebak
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2021-12-01 |
Deskripsi
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+</sup>) is an essential molecule involved in various metabolic reactions, acting as an electron donor in the electron transport chain and as a co-factor for NAD<sup>+</sup>-dependent enzymes. In the early 2000s, reports that NAD<sup>+</sup> declines with aging introduced the notion that NAD<sup>+</sup> metabolism is globally and progressively impaired with age. Since then, NAD<sup>+</sup> became an attractive target for potential pharmacological therapies aiming to increase NAD<sup>+</sup> levels to promote vitality and protect against age-related diseases. This review summarizes and discusses a collection of studies that report the levels of NAD<sup>+</sup> with aging in different species (i.e., yeast, <i>C. elegans</i>, rat, mouse, monkey, and human), to determine whether the notion that overall NAD<sup>+</sup> levels decrease with aging stands true. We find that, despite systematic claims of overall changes in NAD<sup>+</sup> levels with aging, the evidence to support such claims is very limited and often restricted to a single tissue or cell type. This is particularly true in humans, where the development of NAD<sup>+</sup> levels during aging is still poorly characterized. There is a need for much larger, preferably longitudinal, studies to assess how NAD<sup>+</sup> levels develop with aging in various tissues. This will strengthen our conclusions on NAD metabolism during aging and should provide a foundation for better pharmacological targeting of relevant tissues.