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Using renewable energy to convert CO₂ to a clean fuel ethanol can not only reduce carbon emission through the utilization of CO₂ as feedstock, but also store renewable energy as the widely used chemical and high-energy-density fuel, being considered as a perfect strategy to address current environment and energy issues. Developing efficient electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, and photoelectrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction is the most crucial keystone for achieving this goal. Considerable progresses in CO₂-based ethanol production have been made over the past decades. This review provides the general principles and summarizes the latest advancements in electrocatalytic, photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic CO₂ conversion to ethanol. Furthermore, the main challenges and proposed future prospects are illustrated for further developments in clean fuel ethanol production.