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<p>Soil respiration (<i>R</i>_s), a key process in the terrestrial carbon cycle, is very sensitive to climate change. In this study, we synthesized 54 measurements of annual <i>R</i>_s and 171 estimates of <i>Q</i>₁₀ value (the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) in grasslands across China. We quantitatively analyzed their spatial patterns and controlling factors in five grassland types, including temperate typical steppe, temperate meadow steppe, temperate desert steppe, alpine grassland, and warm, tropical grassland. Results showed that the mean (±SE) annual <i>R</i>_s was 582.0±57.9&thinsp;g&thinsp;C&thinsp;m⁻²&thinsp;yr⁻¹ across Chinese grasslands. Annual <i>R</i>_s significantly differed among grassland types, and was positively correlated with mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon content, and aboveground biomass, but negatively correlated with soil pH (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Among these factors, mean annual precipitation was the primary factor controlling the variation of annual <i>R</i>_s among grassland types. Based on the overall data across Chinese grasslands, the <i>Q</i>₁₀ values ranged from 1.03 to 8.13, with a mean (±SE) of 2.60±0.08. Moreover, the <i>Q</i>₁₀ values varied largely within and among grassland types and soil temperature measurement depths. Among grassland types, the highest <i>Q</i>₁₀ derived by soil temperature at a depth of 5&thinsp;cm occurred in alpine grasslands. In addition, the seasonal variation of soil respiration in Chinese grasslands generally cannot be explained well by soil temperature using the van't Hoff equation. Overall, our findings suggest that the combined factors of soil temperature and moisture would better predict soil respiration in arid and semi-arid regions, highlight the importance of precipitation in controlling soil respiration in grasslands, and imply that alpine grasslands in China might release more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere under climate warming.</p>