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Forty-two studies on fire millipedes are reviewed in which mechanisms of selection; sperm competition and cryptic female choice were studied. Approaches to: (1) quantify size dimorphism and find the selection pressures operating on the sexes, (2) determine the functional significance of male and female genitalia, (3) understand why there should be a conflict of sexual interests in prolonged copulations, and (4) resolve the mechanisms of sperm competition and cryptic female choice in comparing male mating strategies to female mating strategies and sperm usage were included.