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Single nanowire integrated microfiber device has a novel type of hybrid structure, which combines the advantages of micro/nano-fiber and nanowires. It possesses not only the characteristics of microfiber like high mechanical strength and flexible operation, but also properties of nanowires like abundant materials and ease of integration, providing a new practical direction for researchers. According to the integrated position of the nanowire, hybrid coupling devices can be divided into side coupling and tip coupling devices. Side-integrated devices are mainly used for chemical sensing and detection, while tip-integrated probes are suitable for biological intracellular measurements. In this paper, single nanowire integrated microfiber devices are systematically introduced from the aspects of fabrication, principle and applications, and recent world-wide progresses of this field are reviewed.