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Copy number variation (CNV) can affect gene function and even individual phenotypic traits by changing the transcription and translation level of related genes, and it also plays an important role in species evolution. Chloride voltage-gated channel 2 (<i>CLCN2</i>) encodes a voltage-gated chloride channel (CLC-2), which has a wide organ distribution and is ubiquitously expressed. Based on previous studies, we hypothesize that <i>CLCN2</i> could be a candidate gene involved in cell volume regulation, transepithelial transport and cell proliferation. This study aimed to explore CNVs in the <i>CLCN2</i> gene and investigate its association with growth traits in four Chinese cattle breeds (Yunling cattle, Xianan cattle, Qinchuan cattle and Pinan cattle). We identified there are two copy number variation regions (CNV1: 3600 bp, including exon 2–11; CNV2: 4800 bp, including exon 21–22) of the <i>CLCN2</i> gene. The statistical analysis showed that the CNV1 mutation in the YL cattle population was significantly associated with cannon circumference (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The CNV2 mutation in the XN cattle population had a significant effect on body slanting length, chest girth and body weight (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In the YL cattle, the association analysis of <i>CLCN2</i> gene CNV1 and CNV2 combination with cannon circumference was significant (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Our results provide evidence that CNV1 and CNV2 in <i>CLCN2</i> are associated with growth traits in two different cattle populations and could be used as candidate markers for cattle molecular breeding.