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<i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliver. (<i>E. ulmoides</i>) is a species of small tree native to China. It is a valuable medicinal herb that can be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, hypertension, and other diseases. In addition, <i>E. ulmoides</i> is a source of rubber. It has both medicinal and ecological value. As ecological problems become increasingly prominent, accurate information on the cultivated area of <i>E. ulmoides</i> is important for understanding the carbon sequestration capacity and ecological suitability zoning of <i>E. ulmoides</i>. In previous tree mapping studies, no studies on the spectral characteristics of <i>E. ulmoides</i> and its remote sensing mapping have been seen. We use Ruyang County, Henan Province, China, as the study area. Firstly, using the 2021 Gao Fen-6 (GF-6) Wide Field of View (WFV) time series images covering the different growth stages of <i>E. ulmoides</i> based on the participation of red-edge bands, several band combination schemes were constructed. The optimal time window to identify <i>E. ulmoides</i> was selected by calculating the separability of <i>E. ulmoides</i> from other land cover types for different schemes. Secondly, a random forest algorithm based on several band combination schemes was investigated to map the <i>E. ulmoides</i> planting areas in Ruyang County. Thirdly, the annual NPP values of <i>E. ulmoides</i> were estimated using an improved Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) to a light energy utilization model, which, in turn, was used to assess the carbon sequestration capacity. Finally, the ecologically suitable distribution zone of <i>E. ulmoides</i> under near current and future (2041–2060) climatic conditions was predicted using the MaxEnt model. The results showed that the participation of the red-edge band of the GF-6 data in the classification could effectively improve the recognition accuracy of <i>E. ulmoides</i>, making its overall accuracy reach 96.62%; the high NPP value of <i>E. ulmoides</i> was mainly concentrated in the south of Ruyang County, with a total annual carbon sequestration of 540.104835 t CM⁻²·a⁻¹. The ecological suitability zone of <i>E. ulmoides</i> can be divided into four classes: unsuitable area, low suitable area, medium suitable area, and high suitable area. The method proposed in this paper applies to the real-time monitoring of <i>E. ulmoides</i>, highlighting its potential ecological value and providing theoretical reference and data support for the reasonable layout of <i>E. ulmoides</i>.