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Source apportionment of atmospheric ammonia before, during, and after the 2014 APEC summit in Beijing using stable nitrogen isotope signatures
oleh: Y. Chang, Y. Chang, X. Liu, C. Deng, A. J. Dore, G. Zhuang
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | Copernicus Publications 2016-09-01 |
Deskripsi
Stable nitrogen isotope composition (<i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N) offers new opportunities to address the long-standing and ongoing controversy regarding the origins of ambient ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), a vital precursor of PM<sub>2.5</sub> (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter equal or less than 2.5 µm) inorganic components, in the urban atmosphere. In this study, the <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N values of NH<sub>3</sub> samples collected from various sources were constrained using a novel and robust chemical method coupled with standard elemental analysis procedures. Independent of the wide variation in mass concentrations (ranging from 33 (vehicle) to over 6000 (human excreta) µg m<sup>−3</sup>), different NH<sub>3</sub> sources have generally different <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N values (ranging from −52.0 to −9.6 ‰). Significantly high <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N values are seen as a characteristic feature of all vehicle-derived NH<sub>3</sub> samples (−14.2 ± 2.8 ‰), which can be distinguished from other sources emitted at environmental temperature (−29.1 ± 1.7, −37.8 ± 3.6, and −50.0 ± 1.8 ‰ for livestock, waste, and fertilizer, respectively). <br><br> The isotope <i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N signatures for a range of NH<sub>3</sub> emission sources were used to evaluate the contributions of the different sources within measured ambient NH<sub>3</sub> in Beijing, using an isotope mixing model (IsoSource). The method was used to quantify the sources of ambient NH<sub>3</sub> before, during and after the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit, when a set of stringent air quality control measures were implemented. Results show that the average NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations (the overall contributions of traffic, waste, livestock, and fertilizer) during the three periods were 9.1 (20.3, 28.3, 23.6, and 27.7 %), 7.3 (8.8, 24.9, 14.3, and 52.0 %), and 12.7 (29.4, 23.6, 31.7, and 15.4 %) µg m<sup>−3</sup>, respectively, representing a 20.0 % decrease first and then a 74.5 % increase in overall NH<sub>3</sub> mass concentrations. During (after) the summit, the contributions of traffic, waste, livestock, and fertilizer decreased (increased) by 56.7 (234.2), 12.0 (−5.0), 39.4 (120.8), and −87.7 % (−70.5 %) when compared with periods before (during) the summit, respectively, signifying that future NH<sub>3</sub> control efforts in megacities like Beijing should prioritize traffic sector as well as livestock breeding. The results show that isotope ratio measurements of NH<sub>3</sub> to be a valuable tool to quantify the atmospheric sources of NH<sub>3</sub> in urban atmospheres.