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The distribution pattern and influencing factors of specific species diversity play a crucial role in decision-making for biodiversity conservation. Identifying suitable regional habitat indicators to assess specific species diversity patterns is a global focus topic. A total of 112 sample plots were surveyed to investigate the relationship between <i>Asteraceae</i> species diversity and topography, soil nutrients, and stand factors, using a Structural Equation Model (SEM). Additionally, the Maxent model was utilized to predict the distribution pattern of <i>Asteraceae</i> species diversity in response to specific habitat factors. The findings revealed that soil nutrients, topography, and canopy closure had different impacts on <i>Asteraceae</i> species diversity, with soil nutrients showing the highest relative coefficient, followed by topography and canopy closure. The elevation and slope gradient were identified as direct and indirect influences on <i>Asteraceae</i> species diversity. The contribution rate of potential environmental variables on the <i>Asteraceae</i> species diversity was ranked as follows: STN (29.7%) > SOM (28.5%) > slope (8.5%) > Ele (8.1%). <i>Asteraceae</i> species diversity was found to be abundant in the locations with SOM (>27 g/kg), STN (>1.8 g/kg), Ele (165–333 m), and slopes (5–12 degrees). Soil nutrient content serves as a key indicator for assessing the abundance of <i>Asteraceae</i> species diversity and should be considered in biodiversity conservation.