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Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is closely related to the light-reaction process and has been recognized as a good indicator for tracking gross primary productivity (GPP). Nevertheless, it has not been widely examined how SIF and GPP respond to temperature. Here, we explored the linkage mechanisms between SIF and GPP in winter wheat based on continuous measurements of canopy SIF (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), GPP, and meteorological data. To separately explore the structural and physiological mechanisms underlying the SIF–GPP relationship, we studied the temperature responses of the estimated light use efficiency (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), canopy-level chlorophyll fluorescence yield (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>y</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and photosystem-level chlorophyll fluorescence yield (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Φ</mi><mi>F</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) estimated using canopy-scale remote sensing measurements. We found that GPP, red canopy SIF (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mn>688</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and far-red canopy SIF (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mn>760</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) all exhibited a decreasing trend during overwintering periods. However, GPP and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mn>688</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> showed relatively more obvious changes in response to air temperature (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) than <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mn>760</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> did. In addition, the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> responded sensitively to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (the correlation coefficient, r = 0.83, <i>p</i>-value < 0.01). The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>y</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>d</mi><mo>_</mo><mn>688</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Φ</mi><mrow><mi>F</mi><mo>_</mo><mn>688</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Φ</mi><mi>F</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 688 nm) also exhibited significantly positive correlations with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (r > 0.7, <i>p</i>-value < 0.05), while <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>y</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>d</mi><mo>_</mo><mn>760</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Φ</mi><mrow><mi>F</mi><mo>_</mo><mn>760</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Φ</mi><mi>F</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 760 nm) were weakly correlated with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (r < 0.3, <i>p</i>-value > 0.05) during overwintering periods. The results also show that <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> was more sensitive to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> than <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Φ</mi><mi>F</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, which caused changes in the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Φ</mi><mi>F</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> ratio in response to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. By considering the influence of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the GPP estimation based on the total SIF emitted at the photosystem level (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><mi>F</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) was improved (with R² increased by more than 0.12 for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mn>760</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and more than 0.05 for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>I</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mn>688</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>). Therefore, our results indicate that the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>U</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Φ</mi><mi>F</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> ratio is affected by temperature conditions and highlights that the SIF–GPP model should consider the influence of temperature.