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This paper is devoted to investigating the existence of solutions for the fractional differential equation and fractional differential inclusion of order <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>∈</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>]</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> with affine periodic boundary value conditions. Applying the Leray–Schauder fixed point theorem, the existence of the solutions for the fractional differential equation is established. Furthermore, for the fractional differential inclusion, we consider two cases: (i) the set-valued function has convex value and (ii) the set-valued function has nonconvex value. The main tools of our research are the Leray–Schauder alternative theorem, Covita and Nadler’s fixed point theorem and some set-valued analysis theories.