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In recent years, intelligent railway operation and maintenance using cloud technology have received wide consideration for the provision of public transport services. Under the cloud environment, information security is critical to ensure the integrity of data through protection from unauthorized manipulation and the confidentiality through protection against the leakage of sensitive information. This paper proposes a lightweight authenticated encryption scheme with associated data based on a novel discrete chaotic S-box coupled map lattice (SCML), which avoids the dynamic degradation of the digital chaotic system and low efficiency of the chaos-based cryptosystem. Based on the chaotic SCML, an authenticated encryption scheme that protects the confidentiality and integrity in one pass is presented in detail. The security analysis and performance simulations in software and hardware show that the proposed scheme is efficient and provides adequate security through authentication and encryption. Such a scheme could be used for applications in a railway cloud service that requires moderate security and low-cost implementations.