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Abstract The identification and determination of Iranian Alopecurus specimens is doubtful; therefore, it is necessary to study the genus in Iran. Up to now, 12 species and 3 subspecies have been reported in previous studies in Iran. In this research, A. aequalis, A. arundinaceus, A. aucheri, A. mucronatus, A. myosuroides and A. textilis together with four subspecies are confirmed. Also, the presence of A. apiatus, A. dasyanthus, A. himalaicus, A. pratensis, A. seravshanicus and A. vaginatus was not confirmed in Iran. A. laguroides, distributed in Turkey and the Caucasus region, is reported for the first time from Iran on the basis of two samples collected from Sabalan Mountain. Also, A. arundinaceus subsp. armenus and A. myosuroides subsp. tonsus are as new reports for flora of Iran. In addition, morphological description, geographical distribution in the world and Iran, a key for Iranian species as well taxonomical discussion on reported species from Iran are also presented.