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<i>Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus</i> (Rupr. & Maxim.) S.Y.Hu (<i>E. sessiliflorus</i>), a member of the Araliaceae family, is a valuable plant widely used for medicinal and dietary purposes. The tender shoots of <i>E. sessiliflorus</i> are commonly consumed as a staple wild vegetable. The fruits of <i>E. sessiliflorus</i>, known for their rich flavor, play a crucial role in the production of beverages and fruit wines. The root barks of <i>E. sessiliflorus</i> are renowned for their therapeutic effects, including dispelling wind and dampness, strengthening tendons and bones, promoting blood circulation, and removing stasis. To compile a comprehensive collection of information on <i>E. sessiliflorus</i>, extensive searches were conducted in databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, and CNKI. This review aims to provide a detailed exposition of <i>E. sessiliflorus</i> from various perspectives, including phytochemistry and pharmacological effects, to lay a solid foundation for further investigations into its potential uses. Moreover, this review aims to introduce innovative ideas for the rational utilization of <i>E. sessiliflorus</i> resources and the efficient development of related products. To date, a total of 314 compounds have been isolated and identified from <i>E. sessiliflorus</i>, encompassing terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids and their esters, nitrogenous compounds, quinones, phenolics, and carbohydrates. Among these, triterpenoids and phenylpropanoids are the primary bioactive components, with <i>E. sessiliflorus</i> containing unique 3,4-seco-lupane triterpenoids. These compounds have demonstrated promising properties such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-aging, antiplatelet aggregation, and antitumor effects. Additionally, they show potential in improving glucose metabolism, cardiovascular systems, and immune systems. Despite some existing basic research on <i>E. sessiliflorus</i>, further investigations are required to enhance our understanding of its mechanisms of action, quality assessment, and formulation studies. A more comprehensive investigation into <i>E. sessiliflorus</i> is warranted to delve deeper into its mechanisms of action and potentially expand its pharmaceutical resources, thus facilitating its development and utilization.