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Proteins are the main molecular components of the arterial wall. Alterations in the amounts of specific proteins in both the extracellular matrix and in vascular cells are believed to be associated with different arterial pathologies, however only sparse data is currently available, particularly in relation to human arteries. Proteome analysis is large scale analysis of the quantity of many proteins in a single analytical run from biological samples. Combining “state of the art” proteome analysis by LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) with access to samples from a large human artery biobank, we have obtained knowledge about protein changes in arteries from patients with various cardiovascular conditions. Specific alterations in matrix proteins are for example present in relation to increased arterial stiffness and to diabetes, whereas alterations in non-matrix proteins are associated with the growth rate of aortic aneurysms. Such new knowledge about changes of arterial proteins in specific vascular conditions can direct our attention towards pathophysiological understandings and display routes to new potential treatment targets and novel biomarkers for arterial diseases.