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The objective was to analyze the productive specialization of agriculture in the Northeast, an analysis considering mesoregions in the States of Bahia, Pernambuco and Ceara. The method used in this study consisted of the specialization index and analysis of data from the last Census on Agriculture. For the comparative analysis between the States, Pernambuco presents a more concentrated production structure in relation to other states. It follows that there is need for specific policies aimed at municipalities and/or States that did not receive the same incentives in order to mitigate the accelerated rural-urban migration.