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To reveal the penetration characteristics of high-frequency harmonics of the traction network to the three-phase 380 V power system in the traction substation (TSS), the harmonic equivalent circuit model and harmonic penetration mathematical model of the two-phase to three-phase Scott-T transformer are established. Through the power quality measurement and harmonic analysis, the results indicate that the high-frequency harmonics in the traction network will severely penetrate the three-phase 380 V power system, which will cause almost the same degree of harmonic distortion, verifying the correctness of the harmonic penetration model. To filter high-frequency harmonics in TSS, a novel structure of high-pass filter (HPF) is proposed that features with high-pass characteristic at high frequencies while high-impedance at fundamental frequency. Furthermore, a set of three-phase experimental device is developed, and a long-term filtering experiment in the TSS is performed. The experimental results show that the novel HPF experimental device can effectively filter out high-frequency harmonics of the three-phase 380 V power system, and have almost no loss and reactive power. The feasibility and effectiveness of the suppression scheme based on the novel HPF are verified.