Measurements of traffic-dominated pollutant emissions in a Chinese megacity
oleh: F. A. Squires, E. Nemitz, B. Langford, O. Wild, W. S. Drysdale, W. S. Drysdale, W. J. F. Acton, P. Fu, P. Fu, C. S. B. Grimmond, J. F. Hamilton, C. N. Hewitt, M. Hollaway, M. Hollaway, S. Kotthaus, S. Kotthaus, J. Lee, J. Lee, S. Metzger, S. Metzger, N. Pingintha-Durden, M. Shaw, A. R. Vaughan, X. Wang, R. Wu, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhang
| Format: | Article |
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| Diterbitkan: | Copernicus Publications 2020-07-01 |
Deskripsi
<p>Direct measurements of <span class="inline-formula">NO<sub><i>x</i></sub></span>, CO and aromatic volatile organic compound (VOC) (benzene, toluene, C<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>-benzenes and C<span class="inline-formula"><sub>3</sub></span>-benzenes) flux were made for a central area of Beijing using the eddy-covariance technique. Measurements were made during two intensive field campaigns in central Beijing as part of the Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH) project, the first in November–December 2016 and the second during May–June 2017, to contrast wintertime and summertime emission rates. There was little difference in the magnitude of <span class="inline-formula">NO<sub><i>x</i></sub></span> flux between the two seasons (mean <span class="inline-formula">NO<sub><i>x</i></sub></span> flux was 4.41 mg m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> h<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in the winter compared to 3.55 mg m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> h<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in the summer). CO showed greater seasonal variation, with mean CO flux in the winter campaign (34.7 mg m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> h<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) being over twice that of the summer campaign (15.2 mg m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> h<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>). Larger emissions of aromatic VOCs in summer were attributed to increased evaporation due to higher temperatures. The largest fluxes in <span class="inline-formula">NO<sub><i>x</i></sub></span> and CO generally occurred during the morning and evening rush hour periods, indicating a major traffic source with high midday emissions of CO, indicating an additional influence from cooking fuel. Measured <span class="inline-formula">NO<sub><i>x</i></sub></span> and CO fluxes were then compared to the MEIC 2013 emissions inventory, which was found to significantly overestimate emissions for this region, providing evidence that proxy-based emissions inventories have positive biases in urban centres. This first set of pollutant fluxes measured in Beijing provides an important benchmark of emissions from the city which can help to inform and evaluate current emissions inventories.</p>