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Miao is an important ethnic minority in China. Miao medicine (MM) is a pivotal of traditional Chinese medicine. It is an accumulation of the Miao people’s experience fighting against diseases for thousands of years and has been an important part of the Miao culture. The origin of MM is closely related to Miao culture, customs, and habits. MM gradually formed a traditional medical theoretical system with obvious regional characteristics, distinctive cultural characteristics, and unique efficacy. In this paper, we introduce and review the unique theoretical system of MM, including the basic theory of MM, the theory of medicine, nature, taste, and channel tropism, and the theory of entering the shelf. In addition, we summarize the development of MM to provide an overview of the theoretical characteristics and industrialisation of MM that is accessible to everyone.