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Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a self-limiting disease mediated by antibiotic therapy. In clinical practice, several types of probiotics are used in treating AAD, but minimal research has been done on <i>Bacteroides</i>-based microecologics. Our aim was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of <i>Bacteroidetes uniformis</i> FGDLZ48B1, <i>B. intestinalis</i> FJSWX61K18, <i>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</i> FHNFQ48M5, and <i>B. bifidum</i> FGZ30MM3 and their mixture on AAD in mice. The lincomycin hydrochloride-induced AAD models were gavaged with a single strain or a probiotic mixture for a short period to assess the changes in colonic histopathology and cytokine concentrations, intestinal epithelial permeability and integrity, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the diversity of intestinal microbiota. Our data indicated that both the sole use of <i>Bacteroides</i> and the combination of <i>Bacteroides</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium</i> beneficially weakened systemic inflammation, increased the recovery rate of tissue structures, increased the concentrations of SCFAs, and restored the gut microbiota. Moreover, the probiotic mixture was more effective than the single strain. Specifically, <i>B. uniformis</i> FGDLZ48B1 combined with the <i>B. adolescentis</i> FHNFQ48M5 group was more effective in alleviating the pathological features of the colon, downregulating the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, and upregulating the expression of occludin. In summary, our research suggests that administration of a mixture of <i>B. uniformis</i> FGDLZ48B1 and <i>B. adolescentis</i> FHNFQ48M5 is an effective approach for treating AAD.