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Aging means that a polymer material’s performance gradually deteriorates, with the loss of use value due to the comprehensive effect of internal and external factors. In this work, a starch-based aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) adhesive joint structure of crosslinking in bonding interface was investigated. The compression shear strength was recognized as a key evaluation index, and the hygrothermal aging experiment tests were accelerated to study the damage mode and failure mechanism of the glue joint structure. The results showed that the adhesive properties of fracture were ductile fracture, and with an increase of aging time, the damage mode of the bonding was transformed from a cohesion damage mode to a cohesion damage with interface damage mode. In the early stages of the aging tests, the effect of temperature on the compression shear strength was most important; however, with the increase of aging time, the effect of humidity became most important.