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<b>Objective</b>: To develop an accurate and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with a photodiode array (PDA) method for the simultaneous determination of artemisinin (Art), arteannuin B (Art B), arteannuin C (Art C), dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) and artemisinic acid (AA) in <i>Artemisia annua</i> L. <b>Methodology</b>: Chromatography separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 Column with isocratic elution; the mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A) and acetonitrile (B) (A:B = 40:60, <i>v</i>/<i>v</i>). Data were recorded at an ultraviolet (UV) wavelength of 191 nm for Art, Art C, DHAA and AA, and 206 nm for Art B. <b>Results</b>: The calibration curves of the five sesquiterpene components were all linear with correlation coefficients more than 0.9990. The linear ranges were 31.44&#8211;1572 &#956;g/mL, 25.48&#8211;1274 &#956;g/mL, 40.56&#8211;2028 &#956;g/mL, 31.44&#8211;1572 &#956;g/mL and 26.88&#8211;1396 &#956;g/mL for Art, Art B, Art C, DHAA and AA, respectively. The precision ranged from 0.08% to 2.88%, the stability was from 0.96% to 1.66%, and the repeatability was all within 2.42% and had a mean extraction recovery of 96.5% to 100.6%. <b>Conclusion</b>: The established UPLC&#8211;PDA method would be valuable for improving the quantitative analysis of sesquiterpene components in <i>Artemisia annua</i> L.