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<p>Quantifying the effects of human activities on floods is challenging because of limited knowledge and observations. Many previous methods fail to isolate different effects and reduce the uncertainty caused by small samples. We use panel regressions to derive the sensitivity of annual maximum discharges (<span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span>) to the changing values of three human factors: urban areas, cropland areas, and reservoir indexes for large and medium dams. We also test whether the effects increase or decrease with increasing initial values of human factors. This method is applied in 757 non-nested catchments in China. Results show that a 1 % point increase in urban areas causes around a 3.9 % increase in <span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span> with a confidence interval CI <span class="inline-formula">=</span> [1.9 %, 5.7 %]. Cropland areas have no significant effect on <span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span>. Reservoir index has a decreasing effect: a 1 unit increase in reservoir index causes a decrease in <span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span> from 21.4 % (with CI <span class="inline-formula">=</span> [11.4 %, 29.9 %]) to 6.2 % (with CI <span class="inline-formula">=</span> [3.2 %, 9.1 %]) for catchments with initial reservoir indexes from 0 to 3. Among 61 catchments with significant increases in observed <span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span> in 1992–2017, increasing urban areas cause more than 10 % increases in <span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span> in only five (8.2 % of 61) catchments. Among 234 catchments with at least one dam and significant decreases in observed <span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span> in 1960–2017, increasing reservoir indexes cause more than 10 % decreases in <span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span> in 138 (59.8 % of 234) catchments. Among 1249 catchments with limited impacts from urban areas and reservoir indexes, 403 (32.3 %) catchments have significant decreases in <span class="inline-formula"><i>Q</i></span> during 1960–2017, and 46.7 % of the 403 catchments are located in the middle and downstream of the Yellow River Basin and the upper streams of the Hai He River Basin. This study extends the panel regression method in hydrology and sheds light on the attribution of flood changes on a national scale.</p>