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In order to understand the application of fiber Bragg grating sensing technology and physical models in bridge detection, the author proposes an application research based on fiber Bragg grating sensing technology and physical models in bridge detection. The author first introduced the principle of fiber optic sensors, then analyzed the technology of demodulating fiber optic gratings, and discussed the application of fiber optic sensing technology in bridge detection, effectively improving the monitoring effect and safety performance of bridges. Secondly, in response to the problem that electrical sensors are difficult to meet the long-term monitoring requirements of bridge structures, it is proposed to use fiber optic grating vibration sensors to monitor the vibration status of bridges, and the feasibility of the scheme is demonstrated through theoretical and experimental results. FBG sensor parameters: Select a cylindrical mass block with a diameter of 3 mm and a height of 4 mm, weighing 0.6 g, a fiber length of 65 mm, and a pre stretching amount of 1.3 mm. Fiber Bragg grating sensors not only meet the requirements of frequency measurement range and temperature adaptation range, but also have advantages such as resistance to electromagnetic interference, simple appearance structure, convenient deployment, and good long-term stability. They have good engineering application prospects.