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An inexpensive sulfur cathode with the highest possible charge storage capacity is attractive for the design of lithium-ion batteries with a high energy density and low cost. To promote existing lithium–sulfur battery technologies in the current energy storage market, it is critical to increase the electrochemical stability of the conversion-type sulfur cathode. Here, we present the adoption of a carbon nanofoam as an advanced current collector for the lithium–sulfur battery cathode. The carbon nanofoam has a conductive and tortuous network, which improves the conductivity of the sulfur cathode and reduces the loss of active material. The carbon nanofoam cathode thus enables the development of a high-loading sulfur cathode (4.8 mg cm⁻²) with a high discharge capacity that approaches 500 mA·h g⁻¹ at the C/10 rate and an excellent cycle stability that achieves 90% capacity retention over 100 cycles. After adopting such an optimal cathode configuration, we superficially coat the carbon nanofoam with graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) to amplify the fast charge transfer and strong polysulfide-trapping capabilities, respectively. The highest charge storage capacity realized by the graphene-coated carbon nanofoam is 672 mA·h g⁻¹ at the C/10 rate. The MoS₂-coated carbon nanofoam features high electrochemical utilization attaining the high discharge capacity of 633 mA·h g⁻¹ at the C/10 rate and stable cyclability featuring a capacity retention approaching 90%.