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Peritonitis caused by <i>Staphylococcus</i><i>aureus</i> is of major importance in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients due to its great virulence profile and biofilm formation ability. Bacteriophages are a potential tool to treat peritonitis resulting from biofilm-associated infections. We screened <i>S. aureus</i> colonization in 71 PD patients from the nasal cavity, groin, and PD exit-site regions and analyzed clinical outcomes in these patients. We performed biofilm-formation testing of different strains and compared the isolates of one patient to detect phenotypic differences in <i>S. aureus</i>. Phage cocktails were used to detect <i>S. aureus</i> in vitro susceptibility. An adaptation procedure was performed in cases of bacterial resistance. Around 30% of PD patients (<i>n</i> = 21) were found to be <i>S. aureus</i> carriers; from these, a total of 34 <i>S. aureus</i> strains were isolated, of which 61.8% (<i>n</i> = 21) produced a strong biofilm. Phenotypic differences in strain biofilm production were detected in eight patients out of ten. All strains were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics. Broadly positive phage lytic activity (100%) was observed in six cocktails out of seven, and bacterial resistance towards phages was overcome using adaptation. Overall phages showed a promising in vitro effect in biofilm-forming <i>S. aureus</i> strains.