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Abstract The main chemical, ecotoxicological, and environmental fate characteristics of cyanide, along with its treatment methods for cyanide-contaminated wastewater, were thoroughly examined. A global biogeochemical cycle of cyanide is proposed, covering the key physicochemical processes occurring in aqueous, soil, and atmospheric environments. The principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various treatment methods—including chemical, physicochemical, electrochemical, photochemical, and biological approaches—are evaluated. Finally, the feasibility of reusing cyanide waste is explored.