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Volatile Emissions and Relative Attraction of the Fungal Symbionts of Tea Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
oleh: Paul E. Kendra, Nurhayat Tabanca, Luisa F. Cruz, Octavio Menocal, Elena Q. Schnell, Daniel Carrillo
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2022-01-01 |
Deskripsi
<i>Euwallacea perbrevis</i> is an ambrosia beetle that vectors fungal pathogens causing <i>Fusarium</i> dieback in Florida avocado trees. Current monitoring lures contain quercivorol, a fungus-produced volatile, but the exact attractant is unknown since lures contain a mixture of <i>p</i>-menth-2-en-1-ol isomers and both α- and β-phellandrene. This study used pure cultures of six symbiotic fungi isolated from <i>E. perbrevis</i> to document volatile emissions and determine the relative attraction of symbionts in binary choice assays. In a comparative test, headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify emissions from 3-week-old cultures. In a temporal study, Super-Q collection followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection was used to measure <i>cis</i>- and <i>trans-p</i>-menth-2-en-1-ol emissions for three months. A total of 15 compounds were detected, with monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenoids predominating. Only <i>trans-p</i>-menth-2-en-1-ol was common to all six symbionts. Peak levels of both isomers were observed at day 7, then gradually declined over a 90 day period. In choice tests, avocado sawdust disks inoculated with <i>Fusarium</i> sp. nov. were the most attractive. This symbiont produced only two volatiles, <i>trans-p</i>-menth-2-en-1-ol and limonene. The combined results indicate that <i>trans-p</i>-menth-2-en-1-ol is the primary female attractant emitted from symbiotic fungi, but limonene may be a secondary attractant of <i>E. perbrevis</i>.