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The interaction between invasive plants and soil microbial communities is critical for plant establishment. However, little is known about the assembly and co-occurrence patterns of fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of <i>Amaranthus palmeri</i>. The soil fungal communities and co-occurrence networks were investigated in 22 invaded patches and 22 native patches using high-throughput Illumina sequencing. Despite having little effect on alpha diversity, plant invasion significantly altered the composition of the soil fungal community (ANOSIM, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Fungal taxa associated with plant invasion were identified using linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). In the rhizosphere soil of <i>A. palmeri</i>, Basidiomycota was significantly enriched, while Ascomycota and Glomeromycota were significantly reduced when compared to native plants. At the genus level, the invasion of <i>A. palmeri</i> dramatically increased the abundance of beneficial fungi and potential antagonists such as <i>Dioszegia</i>, <i>Tilletiopsis</i>, <i>Colacogloea</i>, and <i>Chaetomium</i>, while it significantly decreased the abundance of pathogenic fungi such as <i>Alternaria</i> and <i>Phaeosphaeria</i>. Plant invasion reduced the average degree and average path length, and increased the modularity value, resulting in a less complex but more effective and stable network. Our findings improved the knowledge of the soil fungal communities, network co-occurrence patterns, and keystone taxa in <i>A. palmeri</i>-invaded ecosystems.