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During the ongoing investigation of bambusicolous ascomycetous fungi in Yunnan, China, 24 specimens belonging to the family <i>Roussoellaceae</i> were collected and identified based on morphological features and phylogenetic support. Maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses and Bayesian analyses were generated based on the combined data set of ITS, LSU, <i>tef1</i>, and <i>rpb2</i> loci. The phylogenetic analyses revealed four novel lineages in <i>Roussoella s. str.</i>; thus, we introduced four new species <i>viz.</i>, <i>Roussoella multiloculate</i> sp. nov., <i>R. papillate</i> sp. nov., <i>R. sinensis</i> sp. nov., and <i>R</i>. <i>uniloculata</i> sp. nov. Their morphological characters were compared with the known <i>Roussoella</i> taxa, which lack sequence data in the GenBank. Asexual morphs of <i>R. kunmingensis</i> and <i>R. padinae</i> were recorded from dead bamboo culms in China (from the natural substrates) for the first time. <i>Neoroussoella bambusae</i>, <i>Roussoella japanensis</i>, <i>R. nitidula</i>, <i>R. padinae</i>, <i>R. scabrispora,</i> and <i>R. tuberculate</i> were also reported as the first records from China. All new taxa are described and illustrated in detail. Plates are provided for new reports.