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Direct Double Coating of Carbon and Nitrogen on Fluoride-Doped Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
oleh: Lukman Noerochim, Alvalo Toto Wibowo, Widyastuti, Achmad Subhan, Bambang Prihandoko, Wahyu Caesarendra
| Format: | Article | 
|---|---|
| Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2022-01-01 | 
Deskripsi
Graphite as a commercial anode for lithium-ion batteries has significant safety concerns owing to lithium dendrite growth at low operating voltages. Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> is a potential candidate to replace graphite as the next-generation anode of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, fluoride-doped Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> was successfully synthesized with a direct double coating of carbon and nitrogen using a solid-state method followed by the pyrolysis process of polyaniline. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the addition of fluoride is successfully doped to the spinel-type structure of Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> without any impurities being detected. The carbon and nitrogen coating are distributed on the surface of Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> particles, as shown in the Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) image. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image shows a thin layer of carbon coating on the Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> surface. The fluoride-doped Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> has the highest specific discharge capacity of 165.38 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5 C and capacity fading of 93.51% after 150 cycles compared to other samples, indicating improved electrochemical performance. This is attributed to the synergy between the appropriate amount of carbon and nitrogen coating, which induced a high mobility of electrons and larger crystallite size due to the insertion of fluoride to the spinel-type structure of Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>, enhancing lithium-ion transfer during the insertion/extraction process.