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Microscopic fabric changes are the main reason for the complex physical and material properties of Yellow River ice at the macroscale. To study the physical and material properties of Yellow River ice, Yellow River ice was taken as the research object, and definition and determination methods for the representative volume element (RVE) of the Yellow River ice based on its computed strength at the microscale were proposed. A micromechanical numerical model for Yellow River ice was built, the corresponding macromechanical properties were simulated, and the RVE size of the macromechanical strength of the Yellow River ice was determined to be 250 mm. The uniaxial compressive strength of river ice in different working conditions was simulated and analyzed, and the accuracy and effectiveness of the RVE of the calculated strength of river ice were verified. The research results provide a reference for analyzing the damage process of Yellow River ice at the microscopic level, providing a theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of Yellow River ice.